Yield Evaluation and Selection of M6 Wheat Mutant adaptive to Medium Land

Wheat is a sub-tropical plant that can adapt well at altitudes of 1000 3000 m above sea level and requires relatively low temperatures. At this height, wheat crops in Indonesia are unable to compete with horticultural crops with higher economic value. This causes national wheat production to be very low and results in high wheat imports. Therefore, wheat varieties are needed that can grow and develop in Indonesia in the low to medium plains. The study aimed to test the adaptive mutant population descent in the middle plains to prepare multi-location tests and release of varieties. The benefit of this research is obtaining potential strains from high-temperature adaptive wheat mutants in the lowlands. This research was conducted using a randomized block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of 16 M6 Wheat mutants and four comparative varieties. The results showed that the genotypes of wheat mutants that had high production in M6 propagation in the central plains were N 350 3.7.1 (2.74 t. ha-1), N 350 3.6.2 (2.33 t.ha-1) and N 350 3.1.3 (2.26 t.ha-1). Characters that have high heritability values on M6 Number of stomata, chlorophyll index, plant height, number of tillers, productive tillers, rate of seed filling, panicle length, number of seedlings, empty percentage of florets, hollow seed weight, 1000 seed weight, and production

panicle, the weight of 1000 grains, leaf chlorophyll content, number of stomata, and productivity. Data analysis was performed by analysis of variance followed by BNT0.05 test. To find out the relationship between characters, regression and correlation studies were carried out, while the genetic diversity of mutant genotypes was carried out by heritability analysis. To find out the relationship between characters, regression and correlation analyses were carried out, while the genetic diversity of mutant genotypes was carried out by heritability analysis. Table 1 propagation of M6 in the stomata number parameter shows that (N 350 3.6.2) g1 has the best average compared to all genotypes and comparison varieties with a value (9.56). The stomata density parameter shows that (N 350 3.13) g3 has the best average (47.55 n.cm -2). Whereas in the Chlorophyll index shows that (N 350 3.7.1) g13 has the best average value compared to the comparative variety (Munal) namely (779.49)  2 show that (N 350 3.6.2) g1 has the best average value compared to comparative varieties (selayar) 70.53 cm) whereas the number of tillers and productive tillers shows that (N 350 3.7.1) g13 has the best value compared to all comparative varieties, namely (7.27 number of tillers) and (6.47 productive breeds).

The numbers followed by the same letter in the column (abcd) mean very different from the comparative varieties of Dewa (a), Selayar (b), Nias (c), and Munal (d) at the BNT test level = 0, 05
The development of the number of productive tillers is primarily determined by environmental factors, especially air temperature, the higher the air temperature tends to slow the growth of the number of productive tillers. This is consistent with the results of research Handoko (2007) that the development of the number of tillers is strongly influenced by the air temperature. The number of tillers in wheat plants is significant, especially the number of productive tillers where the number of productive tillers is the number of tillers so that the number of productive tillers is positively correlated. This is consistent with the opinion of Bowden et al., (2007) that the number of panicles/number of tillers, the correlation value is closest to 1.0 compared to other vegetative parameters.
In the M6 propagation activity (table 3), the flowering age parameters showed that (N 350 3.1.4) g5 had the fastest average flowering age compared to other genotypes (63.00 hst). For harvest age parameters, (N 200 2.5.2) g15 has the most rapid average harvest age (92.00 hst). Whereas the parameter of seed filling rate shows (N 200 2.5.2) g15 has the fastest average speed filling rate compared to all genotypes and comparison varieties, namely (24.33 HST).
The speed of flowering in wheat plants is influenced by the physiological conditions of the plants which are affected by the temperature of the surrounding environment. If the temperature is too high, the age of wheat flowering is faster than in the middle to highlands. This is consistent with the opinion of Glover (2007) that the flowering behaviour and flowering of plants are closely related to the physiological conditions of plants and the influence of environmental factors that specifically include the impact of intensity and duration of irradiation, control of temperature, and water availability on plant growth environments. The mechanism of flowering age as one of the wheat adaptation efforts is also strengthened by Dolferus (2011) opinion which states that the adjustment of flowering time is an essential mechanism of adaptation of wheat plants to the desired environmental conditions because it can result in avoidance of abiotic stresses, especially heat stress in specific environments. Indicator of wheat plants approaching the time of harvest, ie panicles begin to change colour to yellow to get the stem. This is following the opinion of Wiyono (1980) stating that if 20% of the panicle is fully cooked, where the grain (seeds) of wheat are hard enough when massaged by hand, the wheat is ready to be harvested.
The panicle length parameter (Table 4) shows that (N 350 3.7.1) g13 has the best panicle length compared to all comparator varieties (9.32 cm). For the parameter number of spikelet, it shows that (N 350 3.7.1) g13 has the highest number of spikelets compared to all comparator varieties (17.56). As for the parameter number of seedlings, genotype (N 350 3.1.3) g3 has the highest number of seeds compared to all comparator varieties (45.17).
Crops that experience stress will experience a decrease in the size of the plant parts produced. This happens because the wheat genotypes that have to stress have relatively fast drying leaves, so the photosynthesis process is not running optimally so that energy and food reserves are not enough available for the growth and development of plant organs. This is in Nur A's opinion (2013) which states that the length of the panicle and the number of spikelets/panicles is determined by the assimilate supply in the vegetative phase as a source of sources for forming panicles in the generative phase. If the sources are insufficient in the formation of a sink (generative phase), then the structure of spikelets is low. The numbers followed by the same letter in the column (abcd) mean very different from the comparative varieties of Dewa (a), Selayar (b), Nias (c), and Munal (d) at the BNT test level = 0, 05 In Table 5 (Propagation M6) shows that the parameter percentage of empty florets, (N 350 3.7.1) g13 has the least rate of empty florets compared to all comparator varieties, namely (3.33 florists). The weighting parameters of the seed showed that (N 350 3.7.1) g13 had the most substantial weight compared to all comparator varieties (1.79 g). For the mass of 1000 grains, it showed (N 350 3.7.1) g13 had the most substantial weight of 1000 seeds compared to all comparator varieties (42.56 g). As for production, (N 350 3.7.1) g13 has the highest output compared to all comparator varieties, namely (2.74 t.ha-1).
The size of the seeds of wheat plants is influenced by the process of gametogenesis and metabolic processes, the inappropriate agro-climate conditions will affect the operation of gametogenesis of wheat plants, and the amount of assimilates produced after gametogenesis helps the plant in seeds to produce optimal seeds. The same thing started by Acevedo et al., (1991) in Al-Karaki (2012) states that each increase of 1oC from 17oC to 24oC in the seed filling phase can reduce the weight of wheat seeds by about 4%. Less efficient accumulation of assimilates from leaves to seeds is also caused by limited water which is in the process of translocation. The reproduction process starts from microsporogenesis and megasporogensis, stigma and pollen viability, blooming flowers, pollination, pollen tube growth, early embryonic growth and development, all of which are very susceptible to heat stress. The failure of each of these processes results in decreased fertilisation or increased embryo abortion, which causes a decrease in the number of seeds, thereby limiting production (Nasaruddin, Farid, Musa, & Iswoyo, 2018).   Table 6 shows that almost all characters have high heritability values. The highest heritability was found in the character of the chlorophyll index with heritability (99.85%). The results of the heritability analysis show that in the M6 product, almost all parameters have a high heritability value. This can then be used as an evaluation material for the selection of temperature stress in the lowlands. This is by the opinion of Hadiati, Murdaningsih, Baihaki & Rostini (2003) that for selection, characters with high heritability must be used because these traits will be easily inherited and selection can be made in the early generations. High heritability values indicate that genetic factors play a role more than environmental factors (Alnopri, 2004).
Characters that have high heritability will increase the effectiveness of selection in endurance testing because the observed characteristics are a reflection of the influence of genetic factors compared to environmental impacts. Quantitative characters that have high heritability will result in selection progress for desirable traits, whereas if low heritability is less useful to be used as a selection material (Basir, 2001).